Dual Citizenship — Where It Is Allowed
Two passports legally — if you know the rules
More than 75% of countries now permit multiple citizenship in some form. The key shift of 2024–2025: since 27 June 2024 Germany allows dual citizenship for all naturalizing applicants and cut the naturalization period to 5 years. Meanwhile several major countries still require renouncing your previous passport. Understanding the rules of both countries is essential for a safe second citizenship strategy.
Where it is allowed and where banned
Fully allowed: USA, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Portugal, Ireland, Israel, Turkey, Australia, Germany (since 2024). With restrictions: Spain (treaties only with Latin America, the Philippines, Andorra), Netherlands (exceptions for spouses), Austria (by special permission). Banned or heavily restricted: China, India (OCI card instead), Japan (must choose by age 22), Singapore, UAE, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan.
Obligations and risks of two passports
Notification: Russia requires notifying the interior ministry of a second citizenship or residence permit (fines or criminal liability for concealment). Taxes: the USA taxes citizens on worldwide income regardless of residence (FATCA, annual filing). Military service obligations may apply under both citizenships. You must enter/exit a country of citizenship on that country's passport (US and Israeli rule). Government jobs and security clearances are often closed to dual nationals.
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